Does lpd have to be running?

[Ron Wingfield]

I'm new to CUPS and confused.  CUPS is a spooling system, as is the LPD.  I've read questions that suggest that LPD might not be used in favor of CUPS; however, the CUPS documentation regarding command line printing references the lp and lpr commands.  If I shutdown the LPD, then lp and lpr do not work, and diagnostic messages suggest that I check to assure that the main LPD is running.

If I start the LPD, then (apparently) lp and lpr route the print request through the LPD's spooler, rather than CUPS.  I just don't understand how to submit a print job via CUSP from the command line.  How is CUPS configured to route an lp or lpr submission through its spooler?

Also, I do not find a "default" /usr/local/etc/cups/lpoptions file.  Is this something that I need to manually create, or does the CUPS web client administration create the file?